A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 3,866 workers in factories and enterprises in the mining, textile, mechanical engineering, and electronics production industries in Thai Nguyen Province during the 2022–2024 period. The study aimed to describe the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and identify related factors. The results showed that the prevalence of Latent tuberculosis infection was 12.4%; 71.3% of workers with Latent tuberculosis infection agreed to treatment; 25.9% experienced side effects during treatment. The 9H regimen had fewer side effects compared to 3HP (6.8% versus 38.1%). The treatment completion rate was 61.5%, with 24.5% discontinuing treatment due to side effects, and 14% either lost to follow-up or dropping out. Several factors associated with Latent tuberculosis infection included male gender, jobs involving exposure to dust, and low educational levels, which increased the risk of infection and reluctance to accept treatment. Detecting and treating Latent tuberculosis infection is essential to reduce the risk of progression to active tuberculosis. However, efforts are needed to improve treatment adherence and minimize side effects to achieve better outcomes.